detonation, and how to reduce its likely hood

[grumpyvette]

Ok you just built your dream engine and find out it runs better than you even expected,
but once it heats up, its got that tendency to start pinging when it heats up or when you try to save a few bucks and use less than high test gas!
there are chances of pre-ignition and knocking, if temperature of the inlet air is higher than normal. As the temperature of the air will be higher, the temperature of air-fuel charge will also be higher (petrol engine) which means there are chances of ignition of air-fuel mixture even before the piston reaches its precise point during normal combustion.

The above picture gives a general idea about how knocking occurs.

SO NOW WHATS YOUR OPTIONS?

detonation is in part ,the result of too much combustion chamber heat ,for the level of compression and fuels octane, being used . reducing that heat, or increasing the octane or REDUCING THE EFFECTIVE WORKING COMPRESSION , or CONTROLLING THE IGNITION TIMING CAN, reduce that tendency
you know your prone to detonation damage,if you hear pinging , lower engine speeds and heavy loads with low octane fuel is a very dangerous combo,such as towing up a long uphill grade, with a heavy load at lower engine speeds, can quickly cause cylinder head heat to build. the heat builds rapidly in the combustion chamber if the engine rpms won,t allow , frequent and constant combustion chamber flushing with cooler intake air,and effective cylinder scavenging from the exhaust, and lower engine speeds tend to reduce coolant flow rates thru the heads, it generally makes conditions available to induce detonation, youll also find many manufacturers suggest you don,t tow in overdrive gears as in many transmissions the gear strength in O.D. is lower than when the transmission is in direct drive ,so now what are your options?
you can add a bit of chamber volume and reduce the potential hot spots that help cause detonation by opening and blending and smoothing the combustion chamber

well the first step is verifying what your dealing with and that requires knowing what your coolant and oil temperatures are during the time the engines running and the peak temps reached, that also requires knowing your ignition advance curve, your installed cam timing and your true engine compression along with the fuels octane.
(PLOT IT OUT AND VERIFY DON,T GUESS) theres several things most guys can adjust or change to lower an engines tendency to get into detonation conditions, lowering operating temps ,slowing the ignition advance curve and richening up the fuel air ratio, use of ducted outside air to the engine,a larger radiator and more efficient cooling fans and retarding cam timing are common cures.
theres always a compromise and on most engines the best oil temp range to reduce wear,emissions and get the best mileage is found when the oil temps kept in the 190F-215F range MOST OF THE TIME and it RARELY exceeds 220F

http://www.zddplus.com/TechBrief13%20-% ... cosity.pdf

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longer length oil filters with significantly more pleets and synthetic mediums have significantly lower resistance to oil flow reducing pumping losses slightly, but a couple horse power gained here and faster oil flow helps durability, and cooling of the bearings and valve train

well I'll assume you previously read the links on engine building,and quench, and you have at least tried to build a well balanced combo with reasonable quench,and tried to match the cam duration and lsa to the engines compression and intended power range, and you selected a fairly well matched cam timing and reasonable compression, but at this point in the tuning ,your still having indications your getting into detonation.

so what your trying to do is reduce combustion chamber temps,increase your fuels octane, reduce your fuel/air temperatures, or reduce your combustion chamber pressure or speed up combustion
OK, detonation potential in a high compression engines hardly a rare issue and if you look into the basic problem you find theres several routes you can take to reduce that problem.
theres a very good reason WHY most guys run a separate smaller tank of E85 fuel, thats rather easy to get compared to methanol to use with water injection systems rather than strait water alone and that reason is that water alone in the form of steam is highly corrosive, while ethanol mixed with gas in the form of E85 fuel is considerably LESS corrosive,and can be used to effectively increase octane and reduce cylinder burn temps if used only under high heat and load conditions.
detonation from crappy octane fuel or the wrong or getting the ignition advance curve way out of adjustment can beat pistons to death

why cast cranks and high stress and rpm are a bad idea

HERES THE LIKELY RESULT OF PROLONGED DETONATION

I list a few, but the links posted below have far more detailed info

http://www.contactmagazine.com/Issue54/EngineBasics.html

http://www.chevyhiperformance.com/tech/ ... nce_guide/

http://www.enginebasics.com/Advanced%20 ... ooler.html

http://garage.grumpysperformance.co...-octane-for-compression-ratio.2718/#post-7057

[

http://www.autospeed.com/cms/article.html?&A=0348

INCREASE OCTANE OF FUEL
SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE FUEL/AIR MIX
SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE ENGINES COOLANT TEMPS
REDUCE THE ENGINES OIL TEMPS
CONTROL THE IGNITION ADVANCE CURVE
ALTER THE FUEL/AIR RATIO
USE A COOLER RATED SPARK PLUG
RETARD YOUR CAM TIMING A FEW DEGREES
USE WATER/METHANOL INJECTION
SWAPPING TO A LONGER DURATION CAM

THE DETAILED LINKS AND THREADS BELOW PROVIDE MUCH MORE INFO

INCREASE OCTANE OF FUEL
this is usually the first response, and it works, but it can be fairly expensive,in some cases , yet it might be the easiest to implement, you just need to figure out whats required, adding a gallon of some additive like race octane gas, toluene or some other octane booster to a tank of high test pump gas may be all thats required
and swapping to some other higher octane fuel like E85 might be an option

SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE FUEL/AIR MIX
this might sound difficult but it may be far easier in some cases than you may think, routing cool outside air directly into the intake or using some careful re=-routing of your fuel supply limes might be all thats required, its not uncommon for outside air to be 50F-100F degrees cooler than air taken from the area around the engine in many engine compartments once the engines up to operational temps, installing a 1" insulated spacer under a carburetor base can be all thats required in some cases.

SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE ENGINES COOLANT TEMPS
swapping to a 180F thermostat and a larger more efficient radiator ,more efficient cooling fans and possibly hood heat ducts can significantly reduce your engines operational temps

REDUCE THE ENGINES OIL TEMPS

adding an effective oil and or transmission cooler can significantly reduce the heat load on the radiator, and reduce engine temperatures making the average temp drop and be far more stable

CONTROL THE IGNITION ADVANCE CURVE
this should be obvious, detonation can be the result of too rapid of an ignition advance curve or a advance curve that advances too far, backing off either the total advance or the rate of the advance as the rpms increase can reduce the engines tendency to get into detonation

ALTER THE FUEL/AIR RATIO
youll make the best power at about a 12.5:1-13:1 fuel/air ratio and youll also tend to have detonation become far more likely with leaner hotter burning ratios so it makes sense to monitor and control and be consistent here

USE A COOLER RATED SPARK PLUG
its hardly news to most experienced tuners that its possible for the spark plug you use to effect the combustion chambers tendency to reach detonation, or that a cooler plug heat rate can at times reduce that tendency

RETARD YOUR CAM TIMING A FEW DEGREES
retarding your cams timing in relation to the piston rotation can both increase the upper rpm power curve and reduce the effective lower rpm compression, moving the timing as little a 4 degrees can move the whole torque curve about 200rpm higher and in some cases drop the compression .2%-to-.5% which may be enough to significantly reduce the problem

USE WATER/METHANOL INJECTION
an auxiliary system to spray a mix of water/methanol alcohol into the engine when the knock sensor senses a tendency to detonation, significantly cools the combustion process and effectively increases the resistance to get into detonation, many guys have recently swapped to use of E85 fuel and water injection to reduce the cylinder temps, as its cheaper and easier to locate and still works well if tuned correctly

SWAPPING TO A LONGER DURATION CAM
SWAPPING to a longer duration cam or one with a WIDER LSA delays the intake valve close point in relation to the pistons upward movement on the compression stroke, effectively reducing the low rpm compression.
Every factor has some effect on the total combo, polish the combustion chamber and round all sharp edges and get the quench correct and use aluminum cylinder heads and you can run a bit more compression than stock iron heads , run a richer FUEL/AIR mix and a bit slower ignition advance curve and you can run the same total ignition advance on the same engine with out getting into detonation nearly as easily, run a 4.11:1 rear gear and a larger aluminum radiator with a 180F t-stat and theres obviously other factors, heat range on the spark plugs, and you can use a system that sprays E85 only under higher loads if you want to run a separate fuel tank , etc. so theres no 100% set compression to octane rules,
but generally the higher the combustion chamber temps, the higher the air temps, the higher the engine coolant temps and oil temps and the higher the compression,the faster the ignition advance, the MORE likely youll experience detonation under high engine loads

RELATED THREADS & INFO

http://garage.grumpysperformance.com/index.php?threads/cooler-denser-air.8961/#post-54496

Water injection in the EGR stream??

Discussion: I have read of letting in more EGR gasses to fill the chamber thus displace some of the fresh incoming air and fuel and force a wider opened throttle to lower vacuum and pumping loses. The trick is to balance the throttle VS the EGR gases to maintain speed. And a system to cut off...

garage.grumpysperformance.com

Knock sensors:

Building a 383, will be running a 1987 Camaro TPI intake with a newer PCM, what Knock sensor should I run?? Rich

garage.grumpysperformance.com

tumble and swirl, quench & squish

This is interesting :like: I have read (on forums...) that there can be too high squish velocity when engines are under high boost. NA engines not so sensitive i think? But if super much squish was of benefit, then would all engine makers already have it?

garage.grumpysperformance.com

octane boosters

Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. Material that is separated from crude oil via distillation, called virgin or straight-run gasoline, does not meet the required specifications for modern engines (in particular octane rating; see below), but will form part of the blend. The bulk of a...

garage.grumpysperformance.com

reading plugs

YOU REALLY NEED TO READ THRU ALL THESE THREADS AND SUB LINKS TO GET A GOOD BASIC UNDERSTANDING http://www.4secondsflat.com/Spark_plug_reading.html http://www.strappe.com/plugs.html http://garage.grumpysperformance.com/index.php?threads/383-with-ignition-knock-issues.14293/#post-72961...

garage.grumpysperformance.com

verifying your real advance curve

you need to start by verifying TDC on the timing tab and damper actually show TRUE TDC. IF that base line (TDC on CRANK AND TIMING TAB) is not correct, everything done after that is based on that TDC, will be wrong...

garage.grumpysperformance.com

http://www.chevyhiperformance.com/tech/ ... nce_guide/







http://garage.grumpysperformance.com/index.php?threads/sealants-and-threads.805/#post-1171



http://www.hotrod.com/articles/fuel-octane-rating-comparison/



http://garage.grumpysperformance.co...nock-sensor-and-related-info.3515/#post-51570

 

[grumpyvette]

Spark ignition (SI) engines all work on the principle of a turbulent flame front (TFF) consuming the air-fuel charge. A normal combustion event would be considered one where the spark ignites the air fuel mixture (a complex process in itself) and the flame propogates throughout the air-fuel mixture with this turbulent flame front. Skip the next paragraph if you know how stuff burns

I think most people have a pretty good idea of how a TFF works, but lets go through some of the details. First, think of a chamber (say a cube or a disc for simplicty) full of nice calm, still air-fuel mixture. A spark in the middle ignites, and begins to consume the mixture. Ideally, the flame front (in this case a laminar flame front, since the mixture is still) would form a spherical shell, as it progresses. Now, this flame front is propelled by a couple of forces. First, the mixture in the wake of the flame front is obviously heated by the combustion. This heat translates to an increase in pressure. This higher pressure burned gas compresses the mixture ahead of the flame front. Since the volume of the burned gases expands it helps accelerate the flame front. Think of blowing up a ballon. The compression of the end gas also raises its temperature. Flame speeds are higher in higher temperature mixtures.

For a turbulent flame front, consider instead of a calm chamber, a chamber full of turbulent eddies, of all size scales. As the flame front approaches one of these swirling eddies, the flame edge is 'torn' and spun around by the eddy, into fresh mixture. This helps to shred up the flame front, and helps to progress the burn of the mixture. In short, this is really why SI engines work at all, lol.

Now, this burning action is really a race. As you compress the combustible end gas, you get ever closer to the auto-ignition temperature. Auto-ignition is a process by where a series of branching chemical reactions (which mainly all have a very strong dependence on temperature) result in the combustion of a mixture, with no flame front. These reactions begin to oxide the mixture simply due to the thermal energy available from the high temperature. Now don't get me wrong, this is a VERY complex series of chemical reactions, but some of the basics help give a good understanding.

The auto-ignition is very dependent on the time history of the mixture. If you hold the mixture at a low temperature, it may not auto-ignite for a long time. Raise the temperature, and it ignites sooner. So if the TFF takes a long time consuming the mixture, the compression effects of the TFF are present for a longer time, and hence the temp. of the end gas is higher for longer.

If the end gas does auto-ignite before the TFF reaches it, or before the relatively cool cylinder wall quenches the flame, the end gas auto-ignites, or detonates. Now, if one corner of this chamber is the last to receive the flame front, and indeed does detonate, what is the result? The auto-igniting mixture essentially 'explodes' and sends a pressure wave across the chamber at the local speed of sound in the cylinder. This pressure wave is what is heard as 'knock' Oddly enough your ear picks up short pulses of a tone, as a 'knock', and not a ringing sound. "

http://www.swri.org/3pubs/ird2010/synopses/038049.htm

read these threads and pay attention to the pictures
http://garage.grumpysperformance.com/index.php?threads/detonation-damage.2883/#post-31942

https://www.hotrod.com/articles/engine-killer-the-hazards-of-detonation/

http://www.contactmagazine.com/Issue54/EngineBasics.html

http://garage.grumpysperformance.co...octane-for-compression-ratio.2718/#post-35581

http://www.contactmagazine.com/Issue54/EngineBasics.html

https://www.ms-motorservice.com/en/technipedia/post/piston-damage-and-causes/

https://mcbperformance.com/p-25418-piston-failures-causes.html

http://www.madsens1.com/saw_piston_fail.htm

http://blog.wiseco.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-ring-gap

https://www.memoparts.com/img/cms/Documents/Piston Failue.pdf

http://garage.grumpysperformance.com/index.php?threads/toluene-octane-calculator.11278/

calculate required octane for compression ratio

What else influences your car's octane requirements? IF YOU DON,T LIKE READING SUB-LINKS, AND LOOKING AT CHARTS , AND DOING A BIT OF MATH 'AND INDIVIDUAL CALCULATIONS, YOUR UN-LIKELY TO BENEFIT FROM MOST OF THE THREADS, ON THIS WEB SITE! LIKE IN MOST AREAS ITS KNOWLEDGE AND THE ABILITY TO THINK...

garage.grumpysperformance.com

thinking about running E85 in your old muscle car?

69MyWay posted this info Don't do it..... You are going to kill your fuel tank, rubber, and metal lines...as well as the inner workings of the carb, that were never designed to work with E85 in those older cars, yes It will run fairly well in the short term, due to its high octane, but it...

garage.grumpysperformance.com

octane boosters

Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. Material that is separated from crude oil via distillation, called virgin or straight-run gasoline, does not meet the required specifications for modern engines (in particular octane rating; see below), but will form part of the blend. The bulk of a...

garage.grumpysperformance.com

AS USUAL READ THE LINKS AND SUB LINKED INFO

the least expensive route , and short time fix,
is to add about 20% E85 by volume to your fuel tank in any place you can't get enough octane to avoid detonation.
this will allow the engine to run with no detonation, but ethanol can cause corrosion and issues and problems in some older cars
yes you can buy race gas in most cities but expect to pay $7-$9 a gallon in some stores

(use at your own risk, it works fine in my corvette but it might not in yours)
if you want to race the crap out of the car, and get full power w zero issues related to lack of octane
use the info below, it gives a noticeable boost in octane to pump gas

PURCHASE AT PAINT SUPPLY STORE IN GALLON CANS
3 gallons of toluene
1 quarts of mineral spirits

1/2 pint of marvel mystery oil


per 20 gallon take of fuel, so you add to about 15 gallons of pump gas
yes its much more expensive than gas but it will significantly boost octane and YES there's already toluene in your current fuel
yes you could do the same thing to e85 but its already higher octane

 

[grumpyvette]

Detonation in an engine occurs when unburned gasses reach their autoignition temperature including the fact that the autoignition temperature becomes lower for gasolines as they break down under heat and time. Therefore, most of the conditions mentioned by other posters can lead to or "cause" detonation. The MAIN cause is specific to the engine. The following is largely from CF Taylor, Ricardo and others.

Tendency to detonate, general factors:
Higher Lower
1. Low Fuel Octane Number 1. High Fuel Octane Number
2. Timing advanced 2. Timing retarded
3. Air density higher 3. Air density lower
4. Humidity lower 4. Humidity higher
5. Intake temp higher 5. Intake colder
6. Coolant temp higher 6. Coolant colder
7. Antifreeze used (high coolant temp) 7. EGR used at part throttle
8. Engine load increased 8. Engine load reduced
9. Mixture stoichiometric or lean 9. Mixture rich or extra rich, also water injection

Combustion chamber
1. Not Compact 1. Compact
2. Domed piston 2. Flat or dished piston; more compact, unobstructed
3. Low swirl 3. High swirl, circular better than tumble
4. Plug far from center 4. Plug centralized
5. No squish turbulence 5. High squish, especially aimed at plug
6. End gasses in hot spots 6. End gasses in cool areas; plug closer to exhaust valve
7. Low stroke/bore ratio 7. High stroke/bore ratio, smaller chamber diameter, shorter burn distance
8. High compression ratio 8. Low compression ratio

Misc
1. Low RPM 1. High RPM; more turbulence, shorter burn time

Some of the above characteristics work together and some are mutually antagonistic.

 

[grumpyvette]

David Redszus wrote:

David Redszus wrote:Actually, squish velocity begins with piston motion and usually peaks about 7-11 deg BTC and ATC. For an engine that produces 35 m/s at 9 deg BTC, it will produce about 60% of that velocity at 20 deg BTC.



Ahh, this is problematic. It depends on how you define "squish". Classically, squish motion is a high speed jet produced by closing the space between the piston and chamber surfaces where the clearance is very tight. What is the difference in charge motion during the initial upward piston motion for a cylinder that has "squish" as opposed to one that does NOT have "squish"? How can we call one "squish motion" at this point? At what point does the charge motion begin to differ significantly (and it differs profoundly between the two cases close to TDC)? This implies squish only comes into play relatively high in the piston's travel.


You bring up a good point. When do we have squish and when do we not?
All upward piston motion produces charge motion as the piston outer edge scrapes the air from the cylinder wall and moves it inward. As the piston approaches the cylinder head, the diminishing vertical clearance produces an increased gas motion velocity which we have found convenient to call "squish."

Considering an engine with a given rpm, bore and holding squish area constant while varying the clearance we find:

.2mm clearance
at 20 BTC = 23m/s, peak squish = 90m/s

1.0mm clearance
at 20 BTC = 16m/s, peak squish = 29m/s

3.0mm clearance
at 20 BTC = 8.6m/s, peak squish = 10m/s

5.0mm clearance
at 20 BTC = 5.4m/s, peak squish = 5.6m/s

As can be seen, as squish clearance is increased, not only does the peak velocity decrease, the velocity curve becomes flatter. At some point it becomes an horizontal straight line.

Domed pistons in a hemi chamber are an example of large squish clearances and resulting low squish velocities, unless the piston fits snuggly into the hemi dome.

http://www.engineering.leeds.ac.uk/iets ... tion.shtml[/quote']

Chemical Soup: The Mystery of Detonation

By Dr. Robin Tuluie Ph.D.

Detonation is the result of an amplification of pressure waves, such as sound waves, occurring during the combustion process when the piston is near top dead center (TDC). The actual "knocking" or "ringing" sound of detonation is due to these pressure waves pounding against the insides of the combustion chamber and the piston top, and is not due to 'colliding flame fronts' or 'flame fronts hitting the piston or combustion chamber walls.' Let's look in some detail at how detonation can occur during the combustion process: First, a pressure wave, which is generated during the initial ignition at the plug tip, races through the unburned air-fuel mix ahead of the flame front. Fuel 1 Typical flame front speeds for a gasoline/air mixture are on the order of 40 to 50 cm/s (centimeters per second), which is very slow compared to the speed of sound, which is on the order of 300 m/s. In actuality, the true speed of the outwards propagating flame front is considerably higher due to the turbulence of the mixture. Basically, the "flame" is carried outwards by all the little eddies, swirls and flow patterns of the turbulence resident in the air-fuel mix. This model of combustion is called the "eddy burning model" (Blizzard & Keck, 1974). Additionally, the genus of the flame front surface - that is the degree of 'wrinkling' - which usually has a fractal nature (you know, those weird, seemingly random yet oddly patterned computer drawings), is increased greatly by turbulence, which leads to an increased surface area of the flame front. This increase in surface area is then able to burn more mixture since more mixture is exposed to the larger flame front surface. This model of combustion is called the "fractal burning model" (Goudin, F.C. et al. 1987, Abraham et al. 1985). The effects of this are observed in so-called "Schlieren pictures," which are high-speed photographs taken though a quartz window of a specially modified combustion chamber (Fig. 1, above). Schlieren pictures show the various stages of the combustion process, in particular the highly wrinkled and turbulent nature of the flame front propagation (initially called the flame 'kernel'). A higher degree of turbulence, and hence a higher "effective" flame front propagation velocity can be achieved with a so-called squish band combustion chamber design. Fuel 2 Sometimes a swirl-type of induction process, in which the incoming mixture is rotating quickly, will achieve the same goal of increasing the burn rate of the mixture. As a general rule-of-thumb the pressure rise in the combustion chamber during the combustion phase is typically 20-30 PSI per degree of crankshaft rotation. Once the pressure rises faster than about 35 PSI/degree, the engine will run very roughly due to the mechanical vibration of the engine components caused by too great of a pressure rise. Sometimes, the pressure wave can be strong enough to cause a self ignition of the fuel, where free radicals (e.g. hydroxyl or other molecules with similar open O-H chains) in the fuel promote this self ignition by the pressure wave. However, this can still occur even without the presence of free radicals; it just won't be quite as likely to happen. This is why high octane fuels, with fewer of these active radicals, can resist detonation better. However, even high octane fuel can detonate - not because of too many free radicals - but because the drastic increase in cylinder pressure has increased the local temperature (and molecular speed) so high that it has reached the ignition temperature of the fuel. This ignition temperature is actually somewhat lower than that of the main hydrocarbon chain of the fuel itself because of the creation of additional radicals resulting from the break-up of the fuel's hydrocarbon chains in intermolecular collisions. Detonation usually happens first at the pressure wave's points of amplification, such as at the edges of the piston crown where reflecting pressure waves from the piston or combustion chamber walls can constructively recombine - this is called constructive interference to yield a very high local pressure. If the speed at which this pressure build-up to detonation occurs is greater than the speed at which the mixture burns, the pressure waves from both the initial ignition at the plug and the pressure waves coming from the problem spots (e.g. the edges of the piston crown, etc.) will set off immediate explosions, rather than combustion, of the mixture across the combustion chamber, leading to further pressure waves and even more havoc. Whenever these colliding pressure fronts meet, their destructive power is unleashed on the engine parts, often leading to a mechanical destruction of the motor. The pinging sound of detonation is just these pressure waves pounding against the insides of the combustion chamber and piston top. Piston tops, ring lands and rod bearings are especially exposed to damage from detonation. In addition, these pressure fronts (or shock waves) can sweep away the unburned boundary layer (see figure 2 above) of air-fuel mix near the metal surfaces in the combustion chamber. The boundary layer is a thin layer of fuel-air mix just above the metal surfaces of the combustion chamber (see figure 2, above). Physical principles (aptly called boundary conditions) require that under normal circumstances (i.e. equilibrium combustion, which means "nice, slow and thermally well transmitted") this boundary layer stays close to the metal surfaces. It usually is quite thin, maybe a fraction of a millimeter to a millimeter thick. This boundary layer will not burn even when reached by the flame front because it is in thermal contact with the cool metal, whose temperature is always well below the ignition temperature of the fuel-air mix. Only under the extreme conditions of detonation can this boundary layer be "swept away" by the high-pressure shock front that occurs during detonation. In that case, during these "far from equilibrium" process of the pressure-induced shock wave entering the boundary layer, the physical principles allured to above (the boundary conditions) will be effectively violated. The degree of violation will depend on (a) the pressure fluctuation caused by the shock front and (b) the adhesive and cohesive strength of the boundary layer. These boundary layers of air-fuel mix remain unburned during the normal combustion process due to their close proximity to the cool metal surfaces and act as an insulating layer and prevent a direct exposure of metal to the flame. Since pressure waves created during detonation can sweep away these unburned boundary layers of air-fuel mix, they leave parts of the piston top and combustion chamber exposed to the flame front. This, in turn, causes an immediate rise in the temperature of these parts, often leading to direct failure or at least to engine overheating. Scientists and engineers have recently begun to understand combustion in much greater detail thanks to very ambitious computer simulations that model every detail of the combustion process (Chin et al. 1990). Basically, a complete computer model includes a solution to the thermodynamical problem, that is a solution to the conservation equations and equation of state, as well as a mass burning rate and heat transfer model. In addition, a separate code (called a chemical kinetics code) models the chemical processes which occur during combustion and sometimes juggles several thousand different chemical species, some in vanishingly small concentrations! Needless to say these codes require huge amounts of memory and CPU time that only the largest supercomputers in the world can provide. They are far beyond the reach of the private individual and usually only employed by large research institutions or major car manufactures.

REFERENCES

Abraham, J. et al., 1985, "A Discussion of Turbulent Flame Structure in Premixed Charges", SAE paper 850345 Blizzard, N.C. and Keck, J.C., 1974, "Exp. and Theo. Investigation of Turbulent Burning Model for Internal Combustion Engines", SAE paper 740191 Chin et al., 1990, "Diagnostics and Modeling of Combustion in Internal Combustion Engines," JSME, Tokyo, p. 81-86 Goudin, et al., 1987, "An Application of Fractals to Modeling of Premixed Turbulent Flames", Combustion and Flame 68, p.249-266

 

[philly]

grumpy i have to admit i have never felt dumber than after just reading that last post... i have no idea what most of that is trying to tell me. it seems kind of vague, i guess. does squish prevent detonation? does it cause it? what chamber and pistons designs can we put together to prevent detonation? i always assumed keeping a high volume of coolant flowing through your head will keep detonation at bay but after reading that i think my theory is flawed somehow. also i had been under the impression that a larger rod stroke ratio keeps the piston around TDC longer and that somehow also prevented detonation. but again, after reading that i think thats hocus pocus too.

im sure the cooling of the head, specifically the area around the combustion chamber, definitely prevents detonation.... only because the reverse flow cooling head designs allow higher compression with pump gas than ever before possible in a sbc... now im starting to think it has more to do with the chamber design and less to do with cooling (the higher stock compression ratios on gen II III IV and V engines)

 

[87vette81big]

Lots of different theories on what Rod to Stroke Ratio is best.
Some say 1.9:1 is best.
Others like 1.5 Or less.
There is a strong correlation between an engines particular combustion chamber design & what Rod to Stroke Ratio works best with it alone.

Pontiac V8 engines from 1955-58 Had Reverse Cooling systems original.
A pair of Water Tubes mounted external to both cylinder heads from the water pump to Front of heads.
Come 1959 with the 389 V8, the Reverse cooling system was dropped.
No need for it at the time. High test. Leaded. Gasoline was readily available then.
http://garage.grumpysperformance.co...nock-sensor-and-related-info.3515/#post-51570

 

[grumpyvette]

http://garage.grumpysperformance.co...-octane-for-compression-ratio.2718/#post-7057

http://www.contactmagazine.com/Issue54/EngineBasics.html

if your experiencing detonation issues that are cured by swapping to higher octane rated fuel, and you would prefer to use the lower octane , less expensive fuel, you should adjust your cars ignition advance combination , so that its advance curve has either less initial timing, or delaying the mechanical advance vs. rpm with some stiffer springs, or a combination of both might reduce the pinging under load at 2500-3500 rpm where its most commonly seen,. Does this detonation or pinging, only occur at WOT? If not, limiting the vacuum advance with a stop, or using an adjustable vacuum advance unit and raising the amount of vacuum required vs. the amount of vacuum advance might be warranted also and installing a lower temp rated t-stat and adjusting the engine fuel/air ratio a bit richer may also help..

the guys have a point, best power and in many cases durability, is generally found at nearer 12.7:1 f/a ratio, I don,t ever remember your engine getting near that lean while we discussed getting it tuned up?

By David Reher, Reher-Morrison Racing Engines

“The burning fuel-air mixture becomes an acetylene torch that can melt pistons, cylinder heads, and blocks.”

In the days before electronic controls, it was common to hear the sound of detonation in a street engine during hard acceleration – a distinctive knocking or metallic ringing sound.


Now that cars are equipped with knock sensors, the sound of detonation is seldom heard. In a race car with open headers, it’s virtually impossible to hear knock, but the damage and destruction caused by detonation can be extensive – and very expensive.

Detonation is the uncontrolled self-ignition of gases in the cylinder. What’s so serious about a little self-ignition? Simply this: those gases burn with an explosive intensity that hammers pistons and melts parts.

During normal combustion, the spark plug ignites a flame front that moves smoothly across the cylinder. Hydrogen and carbon atoms in the fuel combine with oxygen in the cylinder in a chemical reaction that releases energy. The resulting increase in heat and pressure causes more oxygen and hydrocarbon molecules to collide in a chain reaction, like the balls on a billiard table. This creates the cylinder pressure that pushes the piston and transfers the fuel’s energy to the connecting rod and crankshaft.

That’s how it’s supposed to work. However, during abnormal combustion, things get messy. Like any chemical reaction, combustion takes time. Even though the flame front only has to travel few inches from the spark plug to the edges of the cylinder, the rapid rise in temperature and pressure can cause the spontaneous ignition of residual end gases, creating secondary flame fronts. When these uncontrolled flame fronts collide, the resulting shock waves hammer engine components unmercifully.

Instead of a gradual rise in cylinder pressure, the untimed combustion of fuel during detonation produces intense pressure spikes. The “knock” and “ping” that can be heard when an engine detonates is the sound produced by these pressure waves. Detonation also strips away the boundary layer that insulates internal engine components from the searing heat of combustion.

If detonation persists, localized hot spots ignite the fuel-air mixture before the spark plug fires, escalating the vicious cycle of uncontrolled combustion. In this pre-ignition stage, cylinder temperature skyrockets and the burning fuel-air mixture effectively becomes an acetylene torch that can melt pistons, cylinder heads, and blocks.

A racer’s first line of defense against detonation is high-octane fuel. Octane rating is simply a measure of a fuel’s resistance to detonation – it is not about horsepower or heat energy. Octane does have a significant impact on how an engine performs because it is the enabler that can allow an engine to reach its peak potential before encountering detonation.

Turbulence in the cylinder can help to forestall detonation by speeding up the combustion process. Clap your hands together, and the air between your palms shoots outward; the same thing happens when the piston approaches the cylinder head. In a wedge-style cylinder head, fuel and air molecules caught between the head and piston are expelled into the combustion chamber, creating turbulence that helps the flame front to travel quickly across the cylinder while the quench area between the piston and head helps to cool the end gases before they can self-ignite. The geometry of the intake port can also induce a swirling motion that promotes rapid combustion as the intake charge enters the chamber.

Detonation in a racing engine is often the result of an overly aggressive tune-up – too much spark advance or not enough fuel. An early warning sign of detonation is a loss of crankcase vacuum. Trace detonation can hammer the cylinders hard enough to break the ring seal and cause crankcase vacuum to decrease. Retarding the timing or richening the fuel-air mixture may prevent further damage.

While reading spark plugs might seem old-fashioned in this digital age, it’s still the best way to see what is actually happening inside an engine. If an engine is detonating, you will often see “pepper” on the spark plug’s porcelin insulator – small deposits of piston material. You may also see the sharp edges of the ground electrode strap beginning to erode into a radius like the end of a welding rod – another indication of excessive heat. When you spot these early warning signs, it’s imperative to get some heat out of the motor either by retarding the spark timing or enrichening the fuel mixture. Generally it’s best to use a combination of the two.

Readings from oxygen sensors are a good reference point to gauge cylinder temperatures, but they are not absolute answers. The 02 readings can be affected by the location of the sensors, their age, and whether they have been contaminated by deposits. It’s impossible to say whether an engine should have an O2 reading or 13.7 or 12.3 because the numbers depend on many variables and factors. The best advice I can offer is to use the oxygen readings to establish a baseline for your specific combination, and then be aware of any significant changes.

Inspecting parts during an engine teardown can also reveal the operating conditions inside an engine. I look at the free gap on the used piston rings and compare the gaps between the cylinders. When there is too much heat, the ring starts to collapse and the free gap diminishes. A cylinder with a collapsed ring is likely to be the first one to give trouble. When that engine goes back on the race track, it’s going to need an adjustment in the tuneup.

I’ll post my annual disclaimer that I am not an engineer, a chemist, or a physicist. I’m a racer and an engine builder, and my comments are based on decades of firsthand experience and observation with gasoline-burning engines. I do know one thing with certainty – detonation is to be avoided!

 

[87vette81big]

I still Prefer reading Spark Plugs 1st Too Grumpy.

 

[Grumpy]

http://www.hotrod.com/articles/engine-killer-the-hazards-of-detonation/